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The Moral and Ethical Basis of
Georgism
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[Reprinted from the original
manuscript. This paper was delivered at the Joint Georgist
Conference, San Francisco, California, 1979]
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The basic moral philosophy of Georgism is that justice
(the rendering to each person his or her due) underlies the principles
of political science (economics). "This is the universal law.
This is the lesson of the centuries. Unless its foundation be laid in
justice the social structure cannot stand." Justice itself is
based on natural law, which governs humanity by means of eternal and
immutable precepts.
Unlike the prevalent modern view that economics is the "objective"
study of facts, without any necessary moralistic correlation, the
Georgist contention is that economics is a "science," and,
like Euclidian mathematics, is based on universal verities. One cannot
violate the unchanging laws of economics. One may attempt to do so,
but only at one's own risk, and subject to the social ills that
follow, such as poverty, crime, and war. "If political economy is
a science
it must follow the rules of science, and seek in
natural law the causes of the phenomena which it investigates."
The conformity to such rules is called morality or ethics.
"Ethics is not etiquette (which is an artificial compilation of
societal conventions). Nor is it a biologically mechanical behaviorism
(which disregards aphorisms of judgment altogether). "Ethics is a
branch of philosophy that investigates the normative conduct of human
beings. It is, of necessity, a discipline that deals with values and
standards: what a person ought to do. The Georgist position is clear:
each person, since he or she possesses free will, ought to live in
accordance with natural law. Each person's "duty" is to
abolish injustice (which is detrimental to humanity as a whole). If
the existing maldistribution of wealth (caused by failure to follow
the eternal precepts of morality and justice) is not remedied, then
humanity will suffer the necessary consequences. Liberty will be
replaced by slavery, and civilization by barbarism. "Whence shall
come the new barbarians? Go through the squalid quarters of great
cities and you may see, even now, their gathering hordes! How shall
learning perish? Men will cease to read, and books will kindle fires
and be turned Into cartridges!"
To abolish poverty and to bridge the gap between affluence and
misery, one must return to the universal guidelines of Justice. "The
law of human progress, what is it but the moral law? Just as social
adjustments promote justice, just as they acknowledge the equality of
right between man and man, just as they insure to each the perfect
liberty which is bounded only by the equal liberty of every other,
must civilization advance. Just as they fail at this, must advancing
civilization come to a halt and recede."
To be specific: Georgism examines the current scene and finds that
the social malady exists because of people's failure to abide by the
laws of "natural" distribution of production. To "cure"
the economic ills of humanity, Georgism unqualifiedly advocates the
removal of the "unnatural" conditions of poverty, conflict,
crime, and illiteracy by means of a specific formula based on natural
law. Absolute adherence to natural law -- that is the "true
remedy" advocated by George. Either that -- or the "patient"
must "die."
As indicated above, Georgism contends that the principles of
economics are equivalent to the absolute truths of mathematics. The
answer to a mathematical riddle (contrary to the teachings of modern "relativists")
is either right or wrong. The solution to an economic problem
(contrary to the preachings of modern "specialists") is
either just or unjust. "That alone is wise which is just; that
alone is enduring which is right." The just (or the right)
solution is the ONLY solution. It is expediency itself. It is morality
itself. It is life itself.
The Georgist formula, the "true remedy," is to open the
gates to production (to sustenance itself), thereby allowing every
person on God's earth to earn his or her livelihood; to remove the
artificial barriers set up by greed and ignorance; and to substitute,
instead, free access to nature itself. It is to live morally. If the
purpose of "being" is to "be fruitful" and to "multiply";
if the reason for human life is to fulfill that life; if the meaning
of existence is to satisfy one's desires with the least exertion --
then the only answer possible, the only solution available, the only
remedy justifiable, is to follow one's bent for self-gratification
provided only that another human being is not harmed thereby.
It Is not evil that causes iniquity; it is ignorance. Morality,
therefore, is actually a "proper teaching," a means of
guiding one to truth, knowledge, purpose, and happiness.
However, false or short-sighted remedies must never be substituted
for the one "true remedy" that George proposes. "5"
may be a "close" answer to 2 plus 2; it is, nevertheless,
just as wrong (100% wrong) as "97," or "3," or "fifty
billion." There is but one answer, one morality, one ethic, one
rule, one axiom, one remedy. The Georgist view is that a person is
either moral or is not moral. There is no compromise with absolutes.
To summarize: Morality, according to Georglsm, is not merely a pious
injunction of behavior, a polite convention of etiquette, or even a
rigid commandment of human law: it is the Golden Rule itself! Without
adherence (logically expressed and examined) to the eternal principles
of proper economic distribution; without allegiance to the
unperishable proverbs of wisdom; without conformity to the
time-honored precepts of justice and natural rights, the Georgist
philosophy becomes meaningless and non-existent. "Single tax,"
"land value taxation," "communal collection of rent"
-- these are merely methodical phrases; they are but the means to the
end itself; and that end is --morallty. To repeat: "Unless its
foundation be laid in justice the social structure cannot stand."
Georgism and morality are, after all, only synonyms.
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